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(詳細はlogical argument applied to politics. Political arguments are used by academics, media pundits, candidates for political office and government officials. Political arguments are also used by citizens in ordinary interactions to comment about and understand political events. More often than not, political arguments tend to be circular, repeating the same facts as premises under perhaps slightly different guises. Much political argument concerns issues of taxation and government spending. Political argument should be distinguished from propaganda, in that propaganda has little or no structure or the rationale, if it exists, is egregiously fallacious. A classic example of political arguments are those contained in ''The Federalist'' Papers arguing in favor of ratification of the American constitution. There are several ways of classifying political argument: * Based on the purpose of the argument. * Based on the logical structure of the argument. * Based on the subject matter dealt with in the argument. == Purpose of political argument == The purpose of argument is usually to sway belief. Political argument can occur in the context of political theory; for instance Machiavelli's ''The Prince'' can be regarded as advice to rulers based on various kinds of arguments. Political argument though is not generally a purely intellectual activity, since it may also serve the strategic goal of promoting a political agenda. One usually thinks of political argument as exclusive to democracies, but in fact some kinds of political argument may occur in undemocratic regimes as well, for example, to encourage greater sacrifice from the population, although it is more likely in such cases that propaganda will take the place of argument. In a democracy, though, political argument is particularly important, since there is a direct relation between the beliefs of citizens and the structure of power. Moreover the institutions of a democracy in part define the relationships between beliefs and power. In this case, political argument is an important element of political strategy. It is also possible that in a democracy, propaganda may also replace argument; indeed, much political advertisement has no discernible logical structure, and in our definition falls under propaganda. This view of political argument in a democracy is closely related to the problem of social choice. Consider a social decision model of the kind used in the theory of social choice (such as used in stating Arrow's theorem). In this model society has a set of individuals ''X'' and it faces a set (political) alternatives ''A'' which need to be ranked in some way. A ''ranking'' is a relation ''R'' between the elements of ''A'' which is transitive and reflexive. Note that two alternatives ''a'', ''b'' can satisfy ''a R b'' and ''b R a''. If this is the case, we say ''R'' is indifferent to ''a'', ''b''. Each individual ''x'' in ''X'' will have an idiosyncratic ranking ''R''''x'' of the alternatives in ''A''. A ''profile'' is any function ''P'' that associate to each individual ''x'' a ranking of alternatives ''P''''x''; a profile is thus a function from ''X'' to rankings of ''A''. An arbitration scheme (or constitution or voting scheme) is a way of producing a ranking ''R''soc for the whole society from any profile ''P''. Thus an arbitration scheme is itself a function ''P'' → ''R''soc. Though any argument about politics is in a sense a political argument, an ''effective'' political argument is one that can actually change the social preference ranking. ''Effective'' political argument is a concept distinct from ''valid'' political argument. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「political argument」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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